Beyond User-Centered Design and User Experience: Designing for User Performance  

The shortcomings and limitations of user-centered and user experience design are considered and contrasted with usage-centered design. The iterative, trial-and-error approach of traditional user-centered approaches is argued to lead to excessive dependence on user testing and user approval, leading to overly conservative designs. By contrast, model-driven approaches based on fine-grained task models have a proven record of leading to dramatic improvements in user performance through innovative designs.

Constantine, Larry L. Constantine and Lockwood (2006). Articles>User Centered Design>User Experience>EPSS