Machine Translation: General Overview
http://www.hutchinsweb.me.uk/Mitkov-2003.pdf

Hutchins, W. John
Oxford Univ Press
2003

Abstract:

This chapter introduces the main concepts and methods used for machine translation systems from the beginnings of research in the 1950s until about 1990; it covers the main approaches of rule-based systems (direct, interlingua, transfer, knowledge based), and the principal translation tools; and it concludes with a brief historical sketch.