Dynamic Dueling: Grappling with Java-Based Site Maps
http://semanticstudios.com/publications/web_architect/sitemaps.html

Morville, Peter
Semantic Studios
1997

Abstract:

When I compare the usability of the highly graphical MAPA dynamic site map with that of a more traditional text-based table of contents, the traditional approach wins hands-down. You can scan the contents much faster and you don't need a fast connection or a Java-enabled browser.