Design of Haptic and Tactile Interfaces for Blind Users
http://www.otal.umd.edu/UUGuide/kevin/

Christian, Kevin
Universal Usability
2000

Abstract:

Since computer use became more widespread in the 1980's and 1990's, considerable effort has been put into ensuring that the blind have equal access to state of the art techology. However, the dominance of graphical user interfaces and direct manipulation has reduced the effectiveness of old speech-based systems. This article discusses aspects of tactile and haptic interfaces, reviews current research on the topic, and provides design principles for practitioners culled from recent research.